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-rw-r--r--arch/um/include/aio.h40
-rw-r--r--arch/um/include/common-offsets.h1
-rw-r--r--arch/um/include/init.h10
-rw-r--r--arch/um/include/irq_kern.h3
-rw-r--r--arch/um/include/mem.h11
-rw-r--r--arch/um/include/os.h15
-rw-r--r--arch/um/include/registers.h1
-rw-r--r--arch/um/include/syscall.h12
-rw-r--r--arch/um/include/syscall_user.h23
-rw-r--r--arch/um/include/sysdep-i386/ptrace_user.h13
-rw-r--r--arch/um/include/sysdep-i386/stub.h65
-rw-r--r--arch/um/include/sysdep-i386/syscalls.h2
-rw-r--r--arch/um/include/sysdep-x86_64/ptrace.h2
-rw-r--r--arch/um/include/sysdep-x86_64/ptrace_user.h14
-rw-r--r--arch/um/include/sysdep-x86_64/stub.h58
-rw-r--r--arch/um/include/sysdep-x86_64/syscalls.h2
-rw-r--r--arch/um/include/time_user.h1
-rw-r--r--arch/um/include/tlb.h30
-rw-r--r--arch/um/include/um_uaccess.h7
-rw-r--r--arch/um/include/user_util.h8
20 files changed, 253 insertions, 65 deletions
diff --git a/arch/um/include/aio.h b/arch/um/include/aio.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..83f16877ab08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/arch/um/include/aio.h
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2004 Jeff Dike (jdike@karaya.com)
+ * Licensed under the GPL
+ */
+
+#ifndef AIO_H__
+#define AIO_H__
+
+enum aio_type { AIO_READ, AIO_WRITE, AIO_MMAP };
+
+struct aio_thread_reply {
+ void *data;
+ int err;
+};
+
+struct aio_context {
+ enum aio_type type;
+ int fd;
+ void *data;
+ int len;
+ unsigned long long offset;
+ int reply_fd;
+ struct aio_context *next;
+};
+
+#define INIT_AIO(aio_type, aio_fd, aio_data, aio_len, aio_offset, \
+ aio_reply_fd) \
+ { .type = aio_type, \
+ .fd = aio_fd, \
+ .data = aio_data, \
+ .len = aio_len, \
+ .offset = aio_offset, \
+ .reply_fd = aio_reply_fd }
+
+#define INIT_AIO_CONTEXT { .reply_fd = -1, \
+ .next = NULL }
+
+extern int submit_aio(struct aio_context *aio);
+
+#endif
diff --git a/arch/um/include/common-offsets.h b/arch/um/include/common-offsets.h
index d705daa2d854..0aa620970adb 100644
--- a/arch/um/include/common-offsets.h
+++ b/arch/um/include/common-offsets.h
@@ -12,3 +12,4 @@ DEFINE_STR(UM_KERN_WARNING, KERN_WARNING);
DEFINE_STR(UM_KERN_NOTICE, KERN_NOTICE);
DEFINE_STR(UM_KERN_INFO, KERN_INFO);
DEFINE_STR(UM_KERN_DEBUG, KERN_DEBUG);
+DEFINE(HOST_ELF_CLASS, ELF_CLASS);
diff --git a/arch/um/include/init.h b/arch/um/include/init.h
index 55c2693f8778..cbd79a8d213d 100644
--- a/arch/um/include/init.h
+++ b/arch/um/include/init.h
@@ -111,7 +111,15 @@ extern struct uml_param __uml_setup_start, __uml_setup_end;
#ifndef __KERNEL__
-#define __initcall(fn) static initcall_t __initcall_##fn __init_call = fn
+#define __define_initcall(level,fn) \
+ static initcall_t __initcall_##fn __attribute_used__ \
+ __attribute__((__section__(".initcall" level ".init"))) = fn
+
+/* Userspace initcalls shouldn't depend on anything in the kernel, so we'll
+ * make them run first.
+ */
+#define __initcall(fn) __define_initcall("1", fn)
+
#define __exitcall(fn) static exitcall_t __exitcall_##fn __exit_call = fn
#define __init_call __attribute__ ((unused,__section__ (".initcall.init")))
diff --git a/arch/um/include/irq_kern.h b/arch/um/include/irq_kern.h
index 3af52a634c4c..c222d56b1494 100644
--- a/arch/um/include/irq_kern.h
+++ b/arch/um/include/irq_kern.h
@@ -7,12 +7,15 @@
#define __IRQ_KERN_H__
#include "linux/interrupt.h"
+#include "asm/ptrace.h"
extern int um_request_irq(unsigned int irq, int fd, int type,
irqreturn_t (*handler)(int, void *,
struct pt_regs *),
unsigned long irqflags, const char * devname,
void *dev_id);
+extern int init_aio_irq(int irq, char *name,
+ irqreturn_t (*handler)(int, void *, struct pt_regs *));
#endif
diff --git a/arch/um/include/mem.h b/arch/um/include/mem.h
index 10c46c38949a..e8ff0d8fa610 100644
--- a/arch/um/include/mem.h
+++ b/arch/um/include/mem.h
@@ -14,6 +14,17 @@ extern int is_remapped(void *virt);
extern int physmem_remove_mapping(void *virt);
extern void physmem_forget_descriptor(int fd);
+extern unsigned long uml_physmem;
+static inline unsigned long to_phys(void *virt)
+{
+ return(((unsigned long) virt) - uml_physmem);
+}
+
+static inline void *to_virt(unsigned long phys)
+{
+ return((void *) uml_physmem + phys);
+}
+
#endif
/*
diff --git a/arch/um/include/os.h b/arch/um/include/os.h
index 881d2988d2d8..4c362458052c 100644
--- a/arch/um/include/os.h
+++ b/arch/um/include/os.h
@@ -153,6 +153,11 @@ extern int os_file_type(char *file);
extern int os_file_mode(char *file, struct openflags *mode_out);
extern int os_lock_file(int fd, int excl);
+/* start_up.c */
+extern void os_early_checks(void);
+extern int can_do_skas(void);
+
+/* process.c */
extern unsigned long os_process_pc(int pid);
extern int os_process_parent(int pid);
extern void os_stop_process(int pid);
@@ -161,6 +166,9 @@ extern void os_kill_ptraced_process(int pid, int reap_child);
extern void os_usr1_process(int pid);
extern int os_getpid(void);
extern int os_getpgrp(void);
+extern void init_new_thread_stack(void *sig_stack, void (*usr1_handler)(int));
+extern void init_new_thread_signals(int altstack);
+extern int run_kernel_thread(int (*fn)(void *), void *arg, void **jmp_ptr);
extern int os_map_memory(void *virt, int fd, unsigned long long off,
unsigned long len, int r, int w, int x);
@@ -170,6 +178,13 @@ extern int os_unmap_memory(void *addr, int len);
extern void os_flush_stdout(void);
extern unsigned long long os_usecs(void);
+/* tt.c
+ * for tt mode only (will be deleted in future...)
+ */
+extern void forward_pending_sigio(int target);
+extern int start_fork_tramp(void *arg, unsigned long temp_stack,
+ int clone_flags, int (*tramp)(void *));
+
#endif
/*
diff --git a/arch/um/include/registers.h b/arch/um/include/registers.h
index 8744abb5224f..0a35e6d0baa0 100644
--- a/arch/um/include/registers.h
+++ b/arch/um/include/registers.h
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ extern int restore_fp_registers(int pid, unsigned long *fp_regs);
extern void save_registers(int pid, union uml_pt_regs *regs);
extern void restore_registers(int pid, union uml_pt_regs *regs);
extern void init_registers(int pid);
+extern void get_safe_registers(unsigned long * regs);
#endif
diff --git a/arch/um/include/syscall.h b/arch/um/include/syscall.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..dda1df901a08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/arch/um/include/syscall.h
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2002 Jeff Dike (jdike@karaya.com)
+ * Licensed under the GPL
+ */
+
+#ifndef __SYSCALL_USER_H
+#define __SYSCALL_USER_H
+
+extern int record_syscall_start(int syscall);
+extern void record_syscall_end(int index, long result);
+
+#endif
diff --git a/arch/um/include/syscall_user.h b/arch/um/include/syscall_user.h
deleted file mode 100644
index 811d0ec2445e..000000000000
--- a/arch/um/include/syscall_user.h
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright (C) 2002 Jeff Dike (jdike@karaya.com)
- * Licensed under the GPL
- */
-
-#ifndef __SYSCALL_USER_H
-#define __SYSCALL_USER_H
-
-extern int record_syscall_start(int syscall);
-extern void record_syscall_end(int index, long result);
-
-#endif
-
-/*
- * Overrides for Emacs so that we follow Linus's tabbing style.
- * Emacs will notice this stuff at the end of the file and automatically
- * adjust the settings for this buffer only. This must remain at the end
- * of the file.
- * ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
- * Local variables:
- * c-file-style: "linux"
- * End:
- */
diff --git a/arch/um/include/sysdep-i386/ptrace_user.h b/arch/um/include/sysdep-i386/ptrace_user.h
index eca8066e7a43..899aa4b2a78d 100644
--- a/arch/um/include/sysdep-i386/ptrace_user.h
+++ b/arch/um/include/sysdep-i386/ptrace_user.h
@@ -20,11 +20,24 @@
#define PT_SYSCALL_ARG3_OFFSET PT_OFFSET(EDX)
#define PT_SYSCALL_ARG4_OFFSET PT_OFFSET(ESI)
#define PT_SYSCALL_ARG5_OFFSET PT_OFFSET(EDI)
+#define PT_SYSCALL_ARG6_OFFSET PT_OFFSET(EBP)
#define PT_SYSCALL_RET_OFFSET PT_OFFSET(EAX)
+#define REGS_SYSCALL_NR EAX /* This is used before a system call */
+#define REGS_SYSCALL_ARG1 EBX
+#define REGS_SYSCALL_ARG2 ECX
+#define REGS_SYSCALL_ARG3 EDX
+#define REGS_SYSCALL_ARG4 ESI
+#define REGS_SYSCALL_ARG5 EDI
+#define REGS_SYSCALL_ARG6 EBP
+
+#define REGS_IP_INDEX EIP
+#define REGS_SP_INDEX UESP
+
#define PT_IP_OFFSET PT_OFFSET(EIP)
#define PT_IP(regs) ((regs)[EIP])
+#define PT_SP_OFFSET PT_OFFSET(UESP)
#define PT_SP(regs) ((regs)[UESP])
#ifndef FRAME_SIZE
diff --git a/arch/um/include/sysdep-i386/stub.h b/arch/um/include/sysdep-i386/stub.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..d3699fe1c613
--- /dev/null
+++ b/arch/um/include/sysdep-i386/stub.h
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2004 Jeff Dike (jdike@addtoit.com)
+ * Licensed under the GPL
+ */
+
+#ifndef __SYSDEP_STUB_H
+#define __SYSDEP_STUB_H
+
+#include <asm/ptrace.h>
+#include <asm/unistd.h>
+
+extern void stub_segv_handler(int sig);
+extern void stub_clone_handler(void);
+
+#define STUB_SYSCALL_RET EAX
+#define STUB_MMAP_NR __NR_mmap2
+#define MMAP_OFFSET(o) ((o) >> PAGE_SHIFT)
+
+static inline long stub_syscall2(long syscall, long arg1, long arg2)
+{
+ long ret;
+
+ __asm__("movl %0, %%ecx; " : : "g" (arg2) : "%ecx");
+ __asm__("movl %0, %%ebx; " : : "g" (arg1) : "%ebx");
+ __asm__("movl %0, %%eax; " : : "g" (syscall) : "%eax");
+ __asm__("int $0x80;" : : : "%eax");
+ __asm__ __volatile__("movl %%eax, %0; " : "=g" (ret) :);
+ return(ret);
+}
+
+static inline long stub_syscall3(long syscall, long arg1, long arg2, long arg3)
+{
+ __asm__("movl %0, %%edx; " : : "g" (arg3) : "%edx");
+ return(stub_syscall2(syscall, arg1, arg2));
+}
+
+static inline long stub_syscall4(long syscall, long arg1, long arg2, long arg3,
+ long arg4)
+{
+ __asm__("movl %0, %%esi; " : : "g" (arg4) : "%esi");
+ return(stub_syscall3(syscall, arg1, arg2, arg3));
+}
+
+static inline long stub_syscall6(long syscall, long arg1, long arg2, long arg3,
+ long arg4, long arg5, long arg6)
+{
+ long ret;
+ __asm__("movl %0, %%eax; " : : "g" (syscall) : "%eax");
+ __asm__("movl %0, %%ebx; " : : "g" (arg1) : "%ebx");
+ __asm__("movl %0, %%ecx; " : : "g" (arg2) : "%ecx");
+ __asm__("movl %0, %%edx; " : : "g" (arg3) : "%edx");
+ __asm__("movl %0, %%esi; " : : "g" (arg4) : "%esi");
+ __asm__("movl %0, %%edi; " : : "g" (arg5) : "%edi");
+ __asm__ __volatile__("pushl %%ebp ; movl %1, %%ebp; "
+ "int $0x80; popl %%ebp ; "
+ "movl %%eax, %0; " : "=g" (ret) : "g" (arg6) : "%eax");
+ return(ret);
+}
+
+static inline void trap_myself(void)
+{
+ __asm("int3");
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/arch/um/include/sysdep-i386/syscalls.h b/arch/um/include/sysdep-i386/syscalls.h
index be0a3e3469eb..a0d5b74d3731 100644
--- a/arch/um/include/sysdep-i386/syscalls.h
+++ b/arch/um/include/sysdep-i386/syscalls.h
@@ -16,6 +16,8 @@ extern syscall_handler_t sys_rt_sigaction;
extern syscall_handler_t old_mmap_i386;
+extern syscall_handler_t *sys_call_table[];
+
#define EXECUTE_SYSCALL(syscall, regs) \
((long (*)(struct syscall_args)) (*sys_call_table[syscall]))(SYSCALL_ARGS(&regs->regs))
diff --git a/arch/um/include/sysdep-x86_64/ptrace.h b/arch/um/include/sysdep-x86_64/ptrace.h
index be8acd5efd97..331aa2d1f3f5 100644
--- a/arch/um/include/sysdep-x86_64/ptrace.h
+++ b/arch/um/include/sysdep-x86_64/ptrace.h
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ struct syscall_args {
panic("Bad register in UPT_SET : %d\n", reg); \
break; \
} \
- val; \
+ __upt_val; \
})
#define UPT_SET_SYSCALL_RETURN(r, res) \
diff --git a/arch/um/include/sysdep-x86_64/ptrace_user.h b/arch/um/include/sysdep-x86_64/ptrace_user.h
index 31729973fb14..128faf027364 100644
--- a/arch/um/include/sysdep-x86_64/ptrace_user.h
+++ b/arch/um/include/sysdep-x86_64/ptrace_user.h
@@ -55,6 +55,20 @@
#define PTRACE_OLDSETOPTIONS 21
#endif
+/* These are before the system call, so the the system call number is RAX
+ * rather than ORIG_RAX, and arg4 is R10 rather than RCX
+ */
+#define REGS_SYSCALL_NR PT_INDEX(RAX)
+#define REGS_SYSCALL_ARG1 PT_INDEX(RDI)
+#define REGS_SYSCALL_ARG2 PT_INDEX(RSI)
+#define REGS_SYSCALL_ARG3 PT_INDEX(RDX)
+#define REGS_SYSCALL_ARG4 PT_INDEX(R10)
+#define REGS_SYSCALL_ARG5 PT_INDEX(R8)
+#define REGS_SYSCALL_ARG6 PT_INDEX(R9)
+
+#define REGS_IP_INDEX PT_INDEX(RIP)
+#define REGS_SP_INDEX PT_INDEX(RSP)
+
#endif
/*
diff --git a/arch/um/include/sysdep-x86_64/stub.h b/arch/um/include/sysdep-x86_64/stub.h
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..f599058d8263
--- /dev/null
+++ b/arch/um/include/sysdep-x86_64/stub.h
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright (C) 2004 Jeff Dike (jdike@addtoit.com)
+ * Licensed under the GPL
+ */
+
+#ifndef __SYSDEP_STUB_H
+#define __SYSDEP_STUB_H
+
+#include <asm/ptrace.h>
+#include <asm/unistd.h>
+#include <sysdep/ptrace_user.h>
+
+extern void stub_segv_handler(int sig);
+extern void stub_clone_handler(void);
+
+#define STUB_SYSCALL_RET PT_INDEX(RAX)
+#define STUB_MMAP_NR __NR_mmap
+#define MMAP_OFFSET(o) (o)
+
+static inline long stub_syscall2(long syscall, long arg1, long arg2)
+{
+ long ret;
+
+ __asm__("movq %0, %%rsi; " : : "g" (arg2) : "%rsi");
+ __asm__("movq %0, %%rdi; " : : "g" (arg1) : "%rdi");
+ __asm__("movq %0, %%rax; " : : "g" (syscall) : "%rax");
+ __asm__("syscall;" : : : "%rax", "%r11", "%rcx");
+ __asm__ __volatile__("movq %%rax, %0; " : "=g" (ret) :);
+ return(ret);
+}
+
+static inline long stub_syscall3(long syscall, long arg1, long arg2, long arg3)
+{
+ __asm__("movq %0, %%rdx; " : : "g" (arg3) : "%rdx");
+ return(stub_syscall2(syscall, arg1, arg2));
+}
+
+static inline long stub_syscall4(long syscall, long arg1, long arg2, long arg3,
+ long arg4)
+{
+ __asm__("movq %0, %%r10; " : : "g" (arg4) : "%r10");
+ return(stub_syscall3(syscall, arg1, arg2, arg3));
+}
+
+static inline long stub_syscall6(long syscall, long arg1, long arg2, long arg3,
+ long arg4, long arg5, long arg6)
+{
+ __asm__("movq %0, %%r9; " : : "g" (arg6) : "%r9");
+ __asm__("movq %0, %%r8; " : : "g" (arg5) : "%r8");
+ return(stub_syscall4(syscall, arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4));
+}
+
+static inline void trap_myself(void)
+{
+ __asm("int3");
+}
+
+#endif
diff --git a/arch/um/include/sysdep-x86_64/syscalls.h b/arch/um/include/sysdep-x86_64/syscalls.h
index 67923cca5691..e06f83e80f4a 100644
--- a/arch/um/include/sysdep-x86_64/syscalls.h
+++ b/arch/um/include/sysdep-x86_64/syscalls.h
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@ typedef long syscall_handler_t(void);
extern syscall_handler_t *ia32_sys_call_table[];
+extern syscall_handler_t *sys_call_table[];
+
#define EXECUTE_SYSCALL(syscall, regs) \
(((long (*)(long, long, long, long, long, long)) \
(*sys_call_table[syscall]))(UPT_SYSCALL_ARG1(&regs->regs), \
diff --git a/arch/um/include/time_user.h b/arch/um/include/time_user.h
index f64ef77019a3..17d7ef2141f4 100644
--- a/arch/um/include/time_user.h
+++ b/arch/um/include/time_user.h
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ extern void timer(void);
extern void switch_timers(int to_real);
extern void idle_sleep(int secs);
extern void enable_timer(void);
+extern void prepare_timer(void * ptr);
extern void disable_timer(void);
extern unsigned long time_lock(void);
extern void time_unlock(unsigned long);
diff --git a/arch/um/include/tlb.h b/arch/um/include/tlb.h
index da1097285b8c..45d7da6c3b2c 100644
--- a/arch/um/include/tlb.h
+++ b/arch/um/include/tlb.h
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
#include "um_mmu.h"
struct host_vm_op {
- enum { MMAP, MUNMAP, MPROTECT } type;
+ enum { NONE, MMAP, MUNMAP, MPROTECT } type;
union {
struct {
unsigned long addr;
@@ -37,31 +37,11 @@ struct host_vm_op {
extern void mprotect_kernel_vm(int w);
extern void force_flush_all(void);
extern void fix_range_common(struct mm_struct *mm, unsigned long start_addr,
- unsigned long end_addr, int force, int data,
- void (*do_ops)(int, struct host_vm_op *, int));
+ unsigned long end_addr, int force,
+ int (*do_ops)(union mm_context *,
+ struct host_vm_op *, int, int,
+ void **));
extern int flush_tlb_kernel_range_common(unsigned long start,
unsigned long end);
-extern int add_mmap(unsigned long virt, unsigned long phys, unsigned long len,
- int r, int w, int x, struct host_vm_op *ops, int index,
- int last_filled, int data,
- void (*do_ops)(int, struct host_vm_op *, int));
-extern int add_munmap(unsigned long addr, unsigned long len,
- struct host_vm_op *ops, int index, int last_filled,
- int data, void (*do_ops)(int, struct host_vm_op *, int));
-extern int add_mprotect(unsigned long addr, unsigned long len, int r, int w,
- int x, struct host_vm_op *ops, int index,
- int last_filled, int data,
- void (*do_ops)(int, struct host_vm_op *, int));
#endif
-
-/*
- * Overrides for Emacs so that we follow Linus's tabbing style.
- * Emacs will notice this stuff at the end of the file and automatically
- * adjust the settings for this buffer only. This must remain at the end
- * of the file.
- * ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
- * Local variables:
- * c-file-style: "linux"
- * End:
- */
diff --git a/arch/um/include/um_uaccess.h b/arch/um/include/um_uaccess.h
index 6e348cb6de24..84c0868cd561 100644
--- a/arch/um/include/um_uaccess.h
+++ b/arch/um/include/um_uaccess.h
@@ -20,13 +20,6 @@
#define access_ok(type, addr, size) \
CHOOSE_MODE_PROC(access_ok_tt, access_ok_skas, type, addr, size)
-/* this function will go away soon - use access_ok() instead */
-static inline int __deprecated verify_area(int type, const void __user *addr, unsigned long size)
-{
- return (CHOOSE_MODE_PROC(verify_area_tt, verify_area_skas, type, addr,
- size));
-}
-
static inline int copy_from_user(void *to, const void __user *from, int n)
{
return(CHOOSE_MODE_PROC(copy_from_user_tt, copy_from_user_skas, to,
diff --git a/arch/um/include/user_util.h b/arch/um/include/user_util.h
index 7b6a24dfd302..bb505e01d994 100644
--- a/arch/um/include/user_util.h
+++ b/arch/um/include/user_util.h
@@ -54,8 +54,6 @@ extern void stack_protections(unsigned long address);
extern void task_protections(unsigned long address);
extern int wait_for_stop(int pid, int sig, int cont_type, void *relay);
extern void *add_signal_handler(int sig, void (*handler)(int));
-extern int start_fork_tramp(void *arg, unsigned long temp_stack,
- int clone_flags, int (*tramp)(void *));
extern int linux_main(int argc, char **argv);
extern void set_cmdline(char *cmd);
extern void input_cb(void (*proc)(void *), void *arg, int arg_len);
@@ -64,8 +62,6 @@ extern void *um_kmalloc(int size);
extern int switcheroo(int fd, int prot, void *from, void *to, int size);
extern void setup_machinename(char *machine_out);
extern void setup_hostinfo(void);
-extern void init_new_thread_stack(void *sig_stack, void (*usr1_handler)(int));
-extern void init_new_thread_signals(int altstack);
extern void do_exec(int old_pid, int new_pid);
extern void tracer_panic(char *msg, ...);
extern char *get_umid(int only_if_set);
@@ -74,16 +70,12 @@ extern int detach(int pid, int sig);
extern int attach(int pid);
extern void kill_child_dead(int pid);
extern int cont(int pid);
-extern void check_ptrace(void);
extern void check_sigio(void);
-extern int run_kernel_thread(int (*fn)(void *), void *arg, void **jmp_ptr);
extern void write_sigio_workaround(void);
extern void arch_check_bugs(void);
extern int cpu_feature(char *what, char *buf, int len);
extern int arch_handle_signal(int sig, union uml_pt_regs *regs);
extern int arch_fixup(unsigned long address, void *sc_ptr);
-extern void forward_pending_sigio(int target);
-extern int can_do_skas(void);
extern void arch_init_thread(void);
extern int setjmp_wrapper(void (*proc)(void *, void *), ...);
extern int raw(int fd);